The depletion of non-renewable energies for the future generations and the increasing temperature of the earth have forced researchers to investigate the alternatives of these energies. A lot of energy wastage in the devices used today led scientists to turn these energies into useful energies. The results of the research show that thermoelectric materials, which are a type of solid state energy converters with a combination of thermal electrical and semiconducting properties that lead to the conversion of waste thermal energy into electricity, can be a suitable alternative according to the definitions. Two-dimensional materials have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their unique features such as a very high specific surface. A group of two-dimensional materials that have been discovered are mxenes. Mxenes are a new range of materials obtained by using Max phases. These materials usually have a metal element from intermediate metals, generally TITANIUM or chromium, along with carbon or nitrogen and a functional group such as fluorine, oxygen or hydroxide. According to Altenkirch's theory, the quality of thermoelectric materials is determined by coefficients of Seebeck and thermal conductivity. In this work, Boltzmann's semi-classical transport theory has been used in the form of "Boltztrap" software package to calculate transport coefficients. In many cases, this theory has answers that agree very well with experimental results. "Quantum Espresso" software package has been used to check the structural properties of TITANIUM CARBIDE and to use it in the input files of Boltz Trap code.

Reduction of the TITANIUM dioxide, TiO2, by methane was investigated in this work. The thermodynamic of reaction was examined and found favorable. The reaction of TITANIUM dioxide with methane was carried out in the temperature range 1150oC to 1450oC at atmospheric pressure with industrial high porosity pellets prepared from TITANIUM dioxide powder. The evolved gas analyzing method was used for determination of the extent of reduction rate.The gas products of the reaction are mostly CO and trace amount of CO2 and H2O. The synthesized product powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for elucidating solid phase compositions. The effect of varying temperature was studied during the reduction. The conversion-time data have been interpreted by using the grain model. For first order reaction with respect to methane concentration, the activation energy of TITANIUM dioxide reduction by methane is found to be 51.4 kcal/gmole. No detailed investigation of kinetic and mechanism of the reaction was reported in literatures.

The effect of metallic agents such as aluminium, magnesium and mixture of magnesium-zinc was studied on the carbothermic reduction of TITANIUM dioxide in this research under mechanical milling. The mechanical milling runs have been done in a planetary ball mill in different times. The mixtures of TiO2-Mg-C, TiO2-Mg-Zn-C and TiO2-Al-C were prepared based on stoichiometric ratios for each reaction. The acid washing process using 2 N HCl solution was done to remove the soluble phases after finishing mechanical milling of each sample. The isothermal heating was done at temperature of 1000 °, C for one hour for solid residues of acid washing under flowing of argon atmosphere. The analysis of products and phases was done using XRD and the microstructure of samples studied by SEM. The results showed the reaction between TITANIUM dioxide and carbon would be exothermic after the adding metallic agent. The reaction progresses via MSR mode for the mixture of TiO2-Al-C in milling conditions and the products were TITANIUM CARBIDE and alumina in the 5 h milled sample. The reduction reaction however progressed via intermediate TITANIUM dioxide in the milled samples for mixtures of TiO2-Mg-C and TiO2-Mg-Zn-C. The signs of TITANIUM CARBIDE and intermediate TITANIUM oxide such as Ti2O3 were observed in the milled mixtures of TiO2-Mg-C and TiO2-Mg-Zn-C after isothermal heating under argon atmosphere. The signs of Ti2O3 phase reveal that the reduction reaction of TITANIUM dioxide does not be completed after 10 h milling when metallic agents such as magnesium and/or magnesium-zinc mixture are used.

In this paper, we reviewed researches about the TITANIUM nitride (TiN) and TITANIUM CARBIDE (TiC) single and multilayer coatings. These coatings were deposited by the plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) technique. Plasma-based technologies are used for the processing of thin films and coatings for different applications such as automobile and aerospace parts, computer disc drives, food industry and surgical/medical instruments. We describe the state of the performance of different coating systems and thin film architectures in PACVD suitable for industrial-scale or laboratory applications. Mechanical properties of coatings such as wear resistance, hardness and the scratch resistance, structural characteristics, physical and chemical properties like coatings adhesion into different substrates, wetting behavior and corrosion resistance were studied. Thus, this paper represents a source of information for those who want to familiarize with the status of knowledge in the area of materials science of functional coatings, in particular TiN/TiC coatings that was deposited by a new Plasma-based technologies.

TITANIUM CARBIDE (TiC) and zirconium CARBIDE (ZrC) are among well-known transition-metal CARBIDE ceramics which have received great attention in the past decades. This comes from their excellent properties including high melting temperature, extraordinary strength at high temperatures, chemical and mechanical stability, low density and, good resistance to corrosion and oxidation. All these unique and extraordinary features lead to the widespread applications of these compounds, including in cutting tools, information storage technology, hard and thin coatings as protectors of electronic surfaces protector, and optoelectronic devices. In this paper, the structural and thermodynamic properties of TITANIUM CARBIDE and zirconium CARBIDE as a function of temperature and pressure were investigated, by using the density functional theory method and quasi-harmonic Debye model. The obtained structural results by using different equations of state showed that the structural parameters are in good agreement with the experimental results. The investigation of temperature and pressure effects on the bulk modulus indicated that zirconium CARBIDE and TITANIUM CARBIDE have good strength at high temperatures and pressure, respectively. Also, the Gibbs free energy result showed that zirconium CARBIDE remained stable up to high temperatures and this justifies its high melting temperature. Calculations of thermodynamic properties such as Debye temperature, specific heat capacity at constant volume and pressure, and thermal expansion coefficient also represent the good performance of zirconium CARBIDE and TITANIUM CARBIDE compounds at high temperatures and pressures.

The synthesis of advanced materials from low cost minerals concentrates is a new field of study that has great potential applications. In this paper, the effect of milling time on the temperature of initiation and amount of carbothermic reduction of ilmenite has been investigated. The stoichiometric molar ratio (1:4) of ilmenite to graphite was mixed and mechanically activated for 30-70 hours at room temperature. Then homogenized mixture heated for one hour at 1000-1400° C in coal reducing atmosphere. The results show that complete conversion of ilmenite to Fe and TiC can not be achieved in the unmilled powder at 1400°C, while with milling of mixture for 30 hours, complete reduction of ilmenite to Fe and TiC at 1400° C was observed. With increasing milling time from 30 to 70 hours the temperature of complete reduction decreases from 1400 to 1200° C. Leaching of final product in HCI 3% solution dissolve Fe but leave pure TITANIUM CARBIDE intact. Determination of TiC unit cell size from X-ray diffraction pattern shows that unit cell size of synthesized TiC is less than stoichiometric one, which suggests that some oxyCARBIDE phases (TiCxO1-x), is present into the final product.

Synthesis of a hard layer on the surface of mild steel is a proper way to rise its performance. TITANIUM CARBIDE is among the preferred wear-resistant materials. In this research, the carbothermal synthesis of TiC via pulsed laser is studied. Ilmenite is used, as an economic raw material, for in-situ synthesis of TiC. However, the conversion of FeTiO3 to TiC in the short period of laser processing is challenging. Therefore two solutions were accompanied: the applied carbon content was more than the stoichiometry of reduction, while the blended ilmenite and graphite powders were mechanically activated. The increase of activation time to 200 hours was investigated via X-ray diffraction analysis. Afterward, a layer of the powder was preplaced on the substrate and the laser cladding was conducted. The effect of mechanical activation on the formation of the dispersed particles is studied, especially considering the transformation of oxides to TiC. SEM with EDS analyzer and XRD analysis were applied for this aim. The morphology of TiC particles and the microstructure of the matrix were also deliberated. The characteristic microstructure of directional solidification with equiaxed, cellular, dendritic and eutectic regions was observed. Otherwise, the Vickers microhardness measurements represented a gradual increase from the substrate toward the surface, which has reached to 1600 HV. It is confirmed that the synthesis of a composite layer with gradual dispersion of TiC particles via laser reduction of ilmenite is a feasible process.

AbstractSince the discovery of graphene, the family of two-dimensional materials has been expanding rapidly, Especially since 2011, with the emergence of transition metal CARBIDEs and nitrides, called MXenes, a new and widely used group was added to this group of materials.These materials have a hydrophilic surface with unique mechanical-ceramic properties, and also have a very high surface ratio with the ability to modify the surface. Mxenes nanomaterials have very unique electrical, optical, magnetic and biological properties that can be effective in advancing new generation batteries, Supercapacitors, electromagnetic insulators, high strength composite materials and other fields such as medicine. Since their discovery, about 30 different mxnene have been synthesized. Also, the structure and properties of several tens of items have been investigated and studied by the static first method and various computer simulation methods. Considering the outstanding progress in the field of this group of two-dimensional materials, it seems necessary to investigate various properties and their potential applications. In this article, the structural and mechanical properties of maxin TITANIUM CARBIDE are investigated. Structural studies show that this two-dimensional material has high conductivity, which is completely consistent with other studies. Also, the examination of the mechanical properties shows the strength and hammer ability of this material, which is also in good agreement with this group of Maxine materials.